The 10 commandments of employee discipline and dismissal

Last year alone, hundreds of adverse rulings were slapped upon scores of companies, resulting to millions of liabilities. It is sad to note that many employers today, either abetted by their HR and personnel managers, or against the professional advice of HR and lawyers, do not really adhere to the provisions of the Labor Code, on the rules of dealing with their own workers in the matter of discipline and dismissal. Despite all the seminars, workshops and symposia, that HR personnel attend regularly, management never seems to learn. The result could be very damaging, if not disastrous. An adverse decision by the NLRC and the Supreme Court entails not only an order to reinstate workers and pay them full backwages but also moral and exemplary damages. The greatest damage is upon the good name and corporate image and goodwill of the companies, or an irreparable damage on the harmonious relations between employees and management, resulting to declines in productivity, quality and profits. To help address this problem, this writer is now embarking on an advocacy through the PMAP, the official association of people managers in order to address this problem. Last week, I was in Baguio, then to Iligan. Today, I am in Davao then later this week, to Cagayan de Oro, in July in Tacloban, Bicol and Batangas. By August, I will conduct seminars in Cebu, Mandaue, and Mactan on the critical need to go back to the rule of law in leading and managing people. I have 10 commandments on employee discipline and dismissal. First, management should respect the workers' rights in the exercise of the employers' prerogatives to hire and fire people, to transfer, promote and demote. The Labor Code is explicit and unequivocal. The DOLE, NLRC and the Supreme Courts are strict and uncompromising. The second commandment is that management should adhere to the specific just causes for termination of employment, under Article 282 of the Code, like serious misconduct, insubordination, fraud, breach of trust, gross and habitual negligence and crimes. Third, employers should follow the authorized causes under Article 283, like redundancy and retrenchment, labor-saving devices and closures. Fourth, the strict rules on due process, under Article 277 (b) should never be compromised. Fifth, management should always bear in mind that, in illegal dismissal cases, it is the employers and not the complainants who have the burden of proof. Sixth, the proof must be enough to qualify, under the law, and controlling doctrine, as falling within the quantum of substantial evidence. In Cebu alone, many firms failed to comply with these basic principles. The seventh commandment is that management should master the art and science of proper and adequate documentation, from hiring to retiring. Legal forms should be prepared following the intricate procedures and formalities. The advice of expert lawyers should be sought. Some lawyers may be excellent in criminal and civil laws but are absolutely clueless in the practice of labor laws and labor relations. Any mistake could endanger the viability of the business and the career of CEOs and COOs and some HR executives. Commandment number 8 is the crucial choice of lawyers and consultants and the proper handling of labor cases before the Labor Arbiters and the NLRC, the appellate and the Supreme Court. The ninth commandment is knowing how to respond to summons, adverse decisions, writs of executions and other legal processes. Out of sheer lack of knowledge or worse, lack of respect for law and fundamental workers' rights, many monumental mistakes had been committed. The tenth is for management to proactively train their executives, managers and HR staff how to avoid and prevent cases to be filed against the company. A small investment in these forward-looking, developmental and empowering seminars can go a long way in saving the business from the adverse effects of unfavorable court rulings.

Black Men and Public Spaces Essay

In â€Å"Black Men and Public Spaces† Brent Staples reveals his experiences with different individuos in all kind of public areas. Staples talk about how people stereotype black men as a violent and dangerous individuals because of their appearance and the color of their skin. In the past when black men was associated with the word murderer or thieves or rapist or all kind of bad things people were afraid on being next to them. When Staples started the story saying â€Å"My first victim was a woman† and he specify (white) make it seems like he wasn’t the victim of this woman when he follows saying â€Å"After a few more glimpses, she picked up her pace and was soon running in earnest.† What the narrator is doing is letting know that people shouldn’t judge because of the others appearances. In the whole story Staples is leaving the clear concept of people will always see black men as a threat because of his race. The sad part is that the narrator is not saying that this happen long time ago is just like a decade ago when he mention about studying at the University of Chicago and then moved to New York. It make it seems that no matter when or where black men being dangerous or being involved in criminal activity does not leave the world’s general schema, people still see black men related to the word dangerous.The title is ironic because public space is supposedly available to everyone but, socially speaking, that does not appear to be that way for black men, even in today’s society. Staples demonstrates his struggle for acceptances from people whom are scared of him. He goes on to say that he now takes precautions to avoid situations he has experienced. He now whistles melodies from Beethoven and Vivaldi when he takes walks at night because no one will assume a mugger knows classical music. Instead of people crossing to the other side of the street, he’ll keep his distance from those that may seem skittish of him. It seems that he does all this just to fit in to society. None of this will change the way black men are stereotyped. I was walking with my daughter one night around seven pm., and crossing the  street inside the parking lot mall this black woman was speeding like she was on the outside streets, We were slow walking on the street to reach our car and she got so angry and get out of her car and approach to me with the intention clear of fight me, she was a very heavy black young woman maybe on her middle twenties, she was screaming at my face â€Å"Do you have a problem with me?† I said many time no I don’t please leave me alone but my daughter who was fourteen by that time and to innocent of the danger we were on, told her â€Å"You shouldn’t be speeding inside the parking lot and talking on the phone† that was enough to her to start beating up my daughter. This was a really nasty experience that we will never want to repeat and since then we try to avoid on many ways to confront a black person. We call 911 and the police man who came was a black police who said this words â€Å"For people like that woman is that we have bad reputation† I think no matter when or where and no matter the race or color we need to be careful on how to conduct ourselves at public spaces. Stereotypes affect individuals regardless of race, sex, or religion. The narrator tell many time he was mistaken as a criminal for being black and six feet two inches tall with a beard and billowing hair, when he enter to the jewelry and the proprietor excuse himself just to get his enormous red Doberman Pinscher and he has to leave, or when he was mistaking as a reporter for the killer, police officers hauled him from his car at gunpoint. Black men on public space will continue to experience these situations. We cannot change the way people think and judge. Unfortunately the majority of black men, who are criminals, will continue to give a bad reputation for those that are not. We live in a world where we have to be in high alert to maintain unharmed. There’s no reason for anyone to feel the obligation or need to act a certain way so those that are judging them can feel a sense of security, the way Brent Staples did. As long as you know you’re not that type of person, you cannot let someone’s judgment stop you from succeeding and proving that you are not a statistic.

How Has Texting Affected Teenagers

How has texting affected teen literacy? This is one question asked by many, and not always answered. After doing much research, I have come up with an answer to this question. There are pros as well as cons to texting when it comes to teens. The pros of texting are that texting allows teens to communicate with each other more often. Another pro is that they have the capability to call a parent when in a situation where alcohol or drugs are involved. While texting can have some pros, it also comes with it's own set of cons.One con is that texting is leading to anxiety, stress, distraction in school, and sleep deprivation. All of this added together can cause teens to have falling grades in school. Another, con is that texting can distract teens while they are driving. Texting and driving has become one of the most common causes of car accidents. One common thing you can see in schools is texting in class. One other thing you will see is cheating during tests. Some schools have banned cellphones during tests but this has not helped at all.These rules only affect the teens that are willing to break rules. The amount of teens who own a cell phone in the world is enormous. In 2011, 77% of the teenage population owned a cell phone, which is very similar to the 75% presented in 2009. Due to the unlimited texting plans presented by various mobile carriers texting has increased substantially in popularity. According to the Nielson Company, American Teenagers sent and received and average of 2,272 text messages per month in the fourth quarter of 2008.This totals to about 80 messages a day. In 2010, this amount of 2,272 text messages in the fourth quarter of 2008, grew to an amount of 6. 1 trillion text messages in 2010. This goes to show how much texting has grown in popularity and is a growing issue that effects teens everywhere. As texting becomes more popular, more and more teens begin to have falling grades in school and also putting themselves in danger while drivin g.If parents started to be more watchful of how much their children text, they could help them keep control of their texting. Works Cited Baker,Lisa. â€Å"Cell Phones and Their Positive Effects on Youth† eHow 15. April. 2012 Starovoit,Veronica. â€Å"How Does Text Messaging Affect the Ability to Write & Speak in English? † eHow 16. April. 2012 Lenhart,Amanda. â€Å"Overall cell ownership steady since 2009† PewInternet 19. Mar. 2012 Hafner,Katie. â€Å"Texting May Be Taking a Toll on Teenagers† The New York Times 25. May. 2009

Marketing transportation homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing transportation homework - Essay Example Supplying and selling goods across international boundaries are affected by different macroeconomic factors. They can be political in nature where the tariffs, Non-Tariff Barriers and import quotas imposed by the host country can affect the supply chain. Free trade policy has significantly decreased these barriers to trade. Currency fluctuation in foreign country, size of the market, income profile of the consumers and economic infrastructure exhibit distinct effects on supply chain. Also the foreign country is subjected to change due to cultural and regional differences. Before starting any business across national boundaries of a country these factors must be taken into account. After considering the feasibility and profitability the firm approaches to different countries. This whole process comprises of series of activities such as international documentation, following the terms and conditions of sales, methods of payment through international freight forwarders. The shipment coming from another country must contain a certificate of origin which indicates the country from which it belongs and invoices supporting commercial and financial activities. There must be a letter of instruction to the shipper and a declaration from the shipper for ensuring the safety and security of the product. Terms of sales, known as Inco terms 2000, are mandatory for every exporter to follow. Free alongside Ship (FAS), where it is the seller’s responsibility to make necessary arrangements for delivery of the goods, assuming all the risks associated with delivery, Free on Board (FOB), where the responsibility of all risks is on the seller till the point of delivery. Once the shipment crosses the ship’s rail, responsibility of goods is totally on the buyer. Another example can be Delivery Duty Paid (Seller’s is obliged to pay the cost of delivering the goods and

Reading response and discuss question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading response and discuss question - Essay Example ies remains extremely authoritative in establishing interpretive strategies for increasing audience acceptance and influencing their view of a masterpiece film. In exploring cultural construction of masterpiece films, Luckett critically evaluated Fantasia during its original release and reissues by examining the film’s publicity, reviews, and marketing. According to Luckett’s analysis, the film produced by Disney starred mainly due to its open publicity in road shows, use of modern technology including home theater appliances, and its receptions based on culture. For instance, based on application of new technologies, Disney decided to help the audience construct a home culture by establishing home theatre systems and video libraries as opposed to watching films in cinema theatres (Luckett 233). It is indispensable to note that the technique increased sales (Luckett 231). There exists an imperative culture and social context behind acceptance of a new film by audience. Reception studies remains authoritative in understanding particular social and historical aspects associated with audience interpretation and consequent response to a film. In publication and review of a film, it is domineering for a production company to establish public culture in relation to their interpretation and understanding of films. Representing audience interests in relation to gender questions, culture, and social expectations is imperative in construction a public culture that would assist in making a film masterpiece. Therefore, does publicity and review of a film inherently a film affect its consequent audience

What are the political beliefs of the American people in the year 2012 Essay

What are the political beliefs of the American people in the year 2012 - Essay Example The definition of liberalism is the following: the importance of liberty and equal rights are high on the agenda for liberals. Moreover, they are much more concerned about liberal elections, human rights, capitalism and freedom of religion. The ideas of liberalism are the most attractive for me in the 21st century. Nowadays the world is too complex and it is necessary to find the best balancing policy, which will cover economic and social aspects. The power of liberalism is able to perform all these functions on the background of freedom and equality. We can also underline that the ideas of liberalism are deeply rooted in historical developments of the American Constitution. This country has been always been a template of excellence of liberalistic views and considerations. I claim that America is full of liberalist senses. Freedom is the central concern of the liberal party. The principles of political innocence are deeply rooted in the American liberalism. In such a way, even Locke claimed that the entire world initially was America. Of course, this statement is a kind of exaggeration, but America was free from feudalism. The absence of this oppressing power underlines the nature of free country, which is the main benefit of America above all other European country. There is a free basis for the development of the modern America and there is a chance to develop in accordance with the principles of freedom and equality, promoted by liberals. Moreover, liberalism in America is of a social nature and it differs from liberalist concerns promoted in Europe. Currently, liberals alter their principles in the name of the government. The state of a social welfare is the most attractive feature for the modern citizens in America. In order to reach this goal it is relevant to cooperate at economical, social and political levels. In spite of the fact that there are many opponents of liberalism in the country, we can claim that

Pleas read the artical and answer qestion 5 with 6 steps. the answers Essay

Pleas read the artical and answer qestion 5 with 6 steps. the answers should be short and to the point - Essay Example The school is allowed to removal of the IDEA, Section 504, and ADA claims because the parents did not exhaust administrative remedies under IDEA. One issue raised by the trial court is that the exhaustion requirements of the IDEA applied in equal measure to the other claims since the Section 504 and ADA claims are associated with injuries that could be sought redress to under the IDEA. The issue put forward by the parents is that their complaint was with the refusal of the school to provide Section 504 services, to which the court noted that â€Å"a parent may not circumvent the administrative procedures of IDEA by voluntarily revoking approval under IDEA, and afterwards recast their complaints under Section 504 and the ADA. The trial court’s decision was that the parent are not capable of revoking assent to services under IDEA, and then proceed to demand that the school make available Section 504 services instead. Therefore, the school was not under any legal obligation to provide services. The reasoning behind this decision was influenced by a citation from a Letter of McKethan issued by OCR. By refusing services developed under IDEA, the parents effectively rejected services under Section 504. Hence, the revocation of services by the parents under IDEA was equivalent to revocation under Section 504 and the

The central dilemma of macro-economic policy is not the choice between Essay

The central dilemma of macro-economic policy is not the choice between using monetary or fiscal policy but whether to intervene - Essay Example The macro-economic policy is concerned with carrying out certain economic objectives. These objectives aim to eradicate the main macro-economic problems within an economy. These include unemployment, inflation, and negative balance of payments position, a low rate of economic growth and inequitable distribution of wealth (Stan lake, Grant, pp.499, 1967). Macroeconomics conventionally has two governing views on policy; these are interventionist and laissez-faire (Dixon, pp.2, 2000). The paper, before examining these two views in details, will describe monetary and fiscal policy. Monetary and fiscal policies are the two instruments that the government uses to tackle the amount of expenditure floating in the economy. This is because levels of expenditure highly affect the level of inflation, growth, and unemployment. There are varieties of different forms of government macroeconomic policies. However, the best known and the widely used are fiscal policy and monetary policy. These belong to the demand-side economy that is these policies have the aim of affecting the level of aggregate demand in the economy. In a concise form, aggregate demand of a country is as follows: AD= C+I+G-T+(X-M) Where C=Consumption I=Investment G=Government Expenditure T= Taxes X=Exports M=Imports (Universitip, N.p., N.d). Both fiscal and monetary policies are part of the ‘Keynesian’ school of thought that will be discussed in the paper. These two policies can ‘fine-tune’ various economic problems within the economy such as inflation and output growth (Langdana, pp. 10, 2009). Fiscal policy caters to the two components within the economy i.e. Government expenditure and taxes. If there are inflationary pressures within the economy, then the government can increase the level of direct or indirect taxes, or it might also decrease government spending. Both these measures will reduce inflation in the economy. However, during times of recession, the government can incre ase the government spending. This will cause an injection of money into the economy, bringing it out of the recession. In addition, during war years, various countries especially USA saw massive increases in government spending, thus increasing the growth rate. The increase in spending was to due to the funding of the war. The level, the timing, and the composition of taxation and government spending can have an important effect on people’s lives (Stan & Grant, pp. 503, 1967). Monetary Policy also affects the level of aggregate demand. The tools that are used are either the rate of interest or the supply of money. In many countries, it is an acceptable view that the control of the money supply is probably the most significant tool to affect the level of demand in the economy (Stan & Grant, pp. 521, 1967). An increase in the level of interest will mean less spending, because people will tend to save more in such times, because the return on saving will be higher. However, when the interest rate is low, the cost of borrowing will be less, meaning that there will be an increase in borrowing and hence consumption. Therefore, the monetary policy is very important because it affects the level of aggregate demand. One very recent example of the importance of monetary policy is that during the Crash of 2008 in United States, for two years, the interest rate was maintained at 1% (New Work, 2008), which meant that the level of consumption was

Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pollution - Essay Example Perhaps people will be more willing to make an effort in curbing this rising problem within their residential communities for starters. This might also help minimize the health problems associated with pollution The main types of pollution that will cause health concerns are the noise pollution caused by the vast amount of people and cars. This is due to the fact there is a high volume of traffic which is motivated by the high amount of restaurants, cafes, clubs, theaters and stores all concentrated within a single area. The heath concerns of noise pollution are that people often suffer from sleep disturbances, decreased learning ability and increased stress levels which can affect many areas of their lives. This of course is to name but a few of the affects. There is also an increased amount of air pollution. The main culprits of this being automobiles exhausts that produce nitrogen oxides. This leads to respiratory complications and some people can end up developing asthma because of this type of pollution. Another source of pollution in my neighborhood is solid waste. This is due to all the trash that is lying around. The lack of garbage cans is the main reason for this, but also personal neglect. The main issue with solid waste is that is causes diseases. It is viable source where diseases can manifest and transfer from one person to another. It is clear that th What needs to change It is clear that the congested state that my neighborhood is in needs to change. There are no visible positive aspects of the pollution especially in terms of health issues. The first and foremost thing that needs handling is all the rubbish that is meeting in our streets. This can be done by getting more garbage bins. Furthermore a penalty needs to be paid if a person is caught littering. This can be incorporated by our local government. By making it legal people will more than willing to take responsibility for their actions. Indeed this form of punishment could seriously help curb the problem. In regards to noise and air pollution most of the businesses like the restaurants, bars, cafes, should unit to build a large secure parking lot. This way people will have to walk a few miles to get to where they need to go. This will decrease the amount to cars that have to drive on the road. The best way to incorporate this would be to convert some of the streets into walking streets. Conclusion It is clear that in order for a community to function they need to be concerned with each others health. Being selfish is not the way to progress, especially when the issue affects us all. Pollution is not one person's responsibility and when people are informed they might be willing to do something about it. Government support is also very important. People often function best when there are rules. When it comes to pollution the rules are almost non-existent for individuals. By incorporating small changes the health issues caused by pollution can be tackled. Also by informing everyone and making them responsible will help increase the awareness of the negative health issues that arise due to pollution. In terms of local government support it is appalling to think they would be willing to allow the rubbish accumulate to such heights. They need to incorporate more bins as

The United States Public Defender System Research Paper

The United States Public Defender System - Research Paper Example Different prerogative jurisdictions practice dissimilar methodologies in providing lawful guidelines intended for criminal defendants who cannot pay for sequestered attorneys. Underneath the federal structure the foremost common practice amongst the states stands over and done with a publicly subsidized public defender bureau. Stereotypically, these workplaces role as per an organization of the federal, state or local government in addition, these attorneys are remunerated as compensated government employees. This method delivers a considerable mainstream of the impoverished criminal defense exemplification in the United States. In count to government-based headquarters, there are also a reduced but noteworthy amount of nonprofit organizations, frequently denoted to as a "Defender Service", or Legal Aid Societies that arrange for destitute felonious justification facilities. These bodies have a habit of depending profoundly on ancillary causes, community funding, and charitable aids to encounter their operational expenses. Yet a new, although progressively not as much of a common method to employ counsel aimed at impoverished criminal defendants stands by mode of an ostensible "panel" of private attorneys who arrive at arrangements through the government to button such cases. Beneath this classification lawyers usually function as self-governing service providers and remain remunerated at a stable rate for the case or occasionally by the hour. The revolutionary case in the United States that facilitated and helped surface the system for all defendants to be guaranteed an attorney in felonious chronicles was Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963). Gideon was a middle-aged Florida fellow who stood accused with breaking into a bar and thieving money and beer. He reasoned at his prosecution that he possibly will not sufficiently support himself; in addition to that an arrangement that places an unqualified individual compared to a trained attorney is profoundly discriminating. On petition, the Supreme Court of the United States approved. Even though there had been some requirements for unrestricted attorneys proceeding to Gideon, it assisted as the facilitator for a trend of modification. Subsequent the breakthrough 1963 results, the 1960s observed the formation of platforms transversely across the nation to brand this right accessible to most individuals accused with delinquencies who could not pay for an attorney to exemplify them. The first soul to suggest the formation of a public defender's office was California's paramount female attorney, Clara Shortridge Foltz. In a stage afore there were communal public defenders, fresh, untested lawyers were frequently ordered by courts to defend indigents pro bono, and in that aptitude, Foltz saw immediate the discriminatory consequences of that system. As an outcome of Foltz's animated petitioning, Los Angeles County hired Walton J. Wood to head the first public defender's office in the United States in January 1914. In 1921, the California Administration protracted the public defender system to all state courts. Public defender agencies of all types are reinforced by communal

You decided Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

You decided - Case Study Example This will achieve the board member’s aim of listening first, and then delivering a message that has measurable results, impact, and truth. This will also help on the best ways to reach the students. The social media specialist has a good point because in order to reach students, fellow students need to lead in this campaign. It will be advisable to involve student leaders in this campaign because other students are most likely to listen to them and we can be assured that they will lead a no-nonsense and honest message. Involvement of the student leadership team will also help the committee save on the money that would have been used to pay outside specialists. This is because this group will most likely be willing to be involved in the campaign as volunteers or on condition that they paid a small amount of money since improving the lives of other students is their mandate. Overall, it is crucial for the organization needs to do a proper market research before starting the campaign. This will help the committee address its concerns of understanding the target group, how to reach this group, and the best place to reach them. When a good marketing plan has been developed, unnecessary costs will be avoided and therefore, we can be able to work with the limited budget. I hope this input will be helpful to the successful completion of this

Letter of Transmittal Essay Example for Free

Letter of Transmittal Essay As per the request you made, I am writing this report to point out problem areas that Pinkberry will have to carefully consider as it attempts to expand its presence internationally, and particularly into the Kuwaiti market. For five years now, Pinkberry has established a solid reputation as the finest purveyor of frozen yogurts in the US, rising to gain the market leadership position in this category. This has largely been made possible through our unique product offering, which makes use of the highest quality, real, non-fat milk. With our success in the US market, time is ripe for the company to expand internationally and capture the global market by leveraging on this strength, which is also the source of the company’s competitive advantage. One of the prime investment destinations that we have identified is Kuwait. With a real GDP growth rate of 8. 5% in 2008, a relatively open economy, high rates of growth in the services sector driven by a boon in oil prices in recent times, opportunities for growth in this market abound for Pinkberry. Additionally, US products enjoy very favorable attitudes in the country, with the two countries having pre-existing trade relationships where the US is Kuwait’s largest import partner accounting for about 13% % of all its imports. Notwithstanding these factors, Pinkberry’s entry and subsequent success in the Kuwaiti market is likely to be tempered with various challenges. These include cultural differences between the Kuwaiti and US markets, political-legal forces, and the unavailability of local sources of raw materials. By going through this report, I believe that you will get an exhaustive appreciation of these factors, which will enable us come up with strategies that will help us effectively conquer the Kuwaiti market. I remain greatly thankful for the opportunity to prepare this report and will remain freely available for any clarifications arising. Yours faithfully, Business Development Manager, Pinkberry.

Factors Leading To Growth In International Business Commerce Essay

Factors Leading To Growth In International Business Commerce Essay International business is defined as the transactions that are carried out across national borders to fulfill the objectives of individuals, companies and organizations. The different modes by which international business is being done are import-export trade, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising and management contracts. Over the last five decades international trade and investment have grown faster than the domestic economies. International business facilitates flow of idea, services and capital across the globe. The result is higher levels of innovation, faster dissemination of goods and information worldwide, more efficient use of human capital and improved access to financing (Czinkota, Ronkainen and Moffett, 2009). 1.1 Brief History of International Business International business is not a new phenomenon but has been practiced around the world for thousands of years. Through the routes established in the Mediterranean, the Phoenicians, Mesopotamians, and Greeks did trading. As sophisticated business techniques emerged, facilitating the flow of goods, resources and funds between countries flourished. This growth was further stimulated by colonization activities. The Industrial Revolution stimulated the growth of international business by providing methods of production for mass markets and efficient methods for utilizing raw materials. The inventions and technological developments from Industrial revolution further accelerated the smooth flow of goods, services and capital between the countries. The production grew at unprecedented levels by 1880s as the industrial revolution was in full swing in Europe and in the United States. Growth continued in an upward spiral as mass production was realized and the manufactures were pushed to seek f oreign markets for their products. This marked the emergence of multinational corporations. (Ajami,Cool, Goddard and Khambata, 2006) 2.0 Factors leading to Growth in International Business 2.1 Development and expansion of technology The introduction of telegraph in 1837, the telephone in 1876, the wireless in 1895, the aero plane in 1903, the television in 1926, the liquid fuelled rocket in 1927, the coaxial cable in 1930s and digital computer in 1946 were all the key events that triggered the growth of international business. Next to air transport, electronic communication, digital information processing has been the other principal area of technological innovation. All these technological advancements provided the platform for companies to set off increased number of international business activities. (Marios Katsioloudes, Spyros Hadjidakis, 2007) 2.2 Liberalization of cross border activities The governmental barriers for international business have been lowered after the Second World War. The European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN and other regional economic blocs throughout the world provide fewer restrictions on cross border movements. The European Union was awarded the Nobel prize for peace 2012 in recognition for its constructive handling of peace, improving relations between nations through trade, reconciliation and human rights in Europe over the past six decades. (Europa.eu, 2012) The European commission president Jose Manuel Barrosa at the outset of receiving prize said that, we honor this prize and will preserve what had been achieved. This achievement will propel the quest for shaping a better organized world with the values of freedom, democracy and human rights.(Guardian.co.uk, 2012) 2.3 Development of supporting services Governments and companies have developed services that facilitate further international business. For instance Mail, which is a government monopoly, could be transferred by an airline other than that of the country of origin, could go through many different countries before reaching the final destination with the stamp of the country of origin. Also banking institutions have developed effective and efficient means for companies to receive payment for their foreign sales. The banks can assist in the payment of any currency through various international transactions upon the receipt of goods /services. (Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis, 2007) 3.0 Distinctive elements of international business The four distinctive elements of international business are: Globalization International Business Environment Unique Culture International Business Management 3.1 Globalization People around the globe are more connected than ever before. Goods and services produced in one part of the world is increasingly available in other parts of the world. This phenomenon is termed as globalization. Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization has two components which are globalization of production and globalization of markets. (Aswathappa, 2009) Globalization of markets refers to the merging of separate and distinct market place into a single market. (Subba Rao, 2009). The global acceptance of consumer products such as Sony Walkman, Coca-Cola, Levis Jeans, Citicorp Credit Cards, MCDonald Hamburgers are all considered as prototypical examples of this trend. By offering a standardized product worldwide they are helping to create a global market. ( Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis, 2007) Globalization of production refers to the tendency among firms to source goods and services from locations around the world to take global advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production. (Labor, land, energy and capital) Companies hope to lower overall cost structure by doing so. For example, Boeing companys jet airliner 777 has 132,500 component parts which are produced around the world by 545 suppliers. (Katsioloudes and Hadjidakis, 2007) 3.2 International Business Environment The international business environment is highly characterized and influenced by International Politics International Culture International Trade International financial markets and Institutions 3.2.1 International Politics International politics is a primary concern for Multi National Enterprises. (MNEs) The past two decades have witnessed dramatic change in their political systems. Most of the countries in the Eastern Europe, in the Americas are building market economies in varying degrees. MNEs feel more confident in starting up their operations in market driven economy as they are endowed with more freedom to fix prices and more liberty in carrying out their business operations. Until MNEs feel that the government is willing to take the steps necessary to ensure that promises are kept and they are able to repatriate their funds, they are going to proceed very cautiously with their investment plans. (Rugman and Collinson, 2006) 3.2.2 International Culture Despite the various patterns and processes of globalization, Cultural awareness is a very important aspect for MNEs when it operates in international arena. As an example, the culture, beliefs and etiquettes which are followed in the India is entirely different from that of the western world and the companies and persons who are involved in businesses in India should comprehend the Indian culture to its full extent. When going to a business meeting in India, bring family photos. Indians enjoy talking about each others families, which is seen as building trust and rapport before doing business. (Czinkota,Ronkainen and Moffet, 2009) Real Business Case Saudi Arabia: Many organizations from foreign countries entered into the Saudi Arabian market following the crisis it faced in 1970s. But not all were successful as they failed to understand the Saudi Arabian culture. A major U.S security company won a large contract to install security system for a client in Saudi Arabia. The troubles started when the shipments from the U.S. which landed in Saudi Arabia were not released by the custom officials. The reason behind the detainment of the shipments was that the security devices were wrapped in newspapers which contained fashion photographs of scantly claded women. This offended the cultural sensitivities of the officials of a nation in which majority of the women wear a long garment called Abayah. (Misra and Yadav, 2009) 3.2.3 International Trade International trade is a broad term, which includes all commercial transactions that take place between nations. Multinational companies are major players in international trade and account for the major proportion of International trade. Some classic examples for international trade are, Ford which makes gear box in its factory in Bordeaux and exports it to assembly plants in different EU countries. Spain depends upon Nigeria, Algeria and Libya for 99% of its natural gas requirements. (Misra and Yadav, 2009) 3.2.4 International Financial Markets and Institutions Irrespective of whether a company or bank engages in international trade, it is important that its managers understand some key aspects of international financial markets. The euro currency market, international monetary system, the foreign exchange market all influence the functioning of markets for goods and services. The euro currency market may offer a low cost borrowing opportunity; the international monetary system may set a framework that may affect many firms and the foreign exchange market determines the cost and availability of foreign currencies used in business by many firms. (Misra and Yadav, 2009) 3.3 Unique Culture International business and its by product globalization will ensure and enforce a unique culture around the globe. For example, Pizza which has had its origin in Italy is now widely accepted and consumed all around the world thus integrating the culture and bringing about a unique food culture. Similarly Indian costumes are in high demand these days in the U.S and Europe. So international business is bringing forth a common culture which brushes out all national and cultural barriers. (Ashwathappa, 2009) 3.4 International Business Management International business management is all about developing business operations on an international scale. (Coade,1997). The key features of international business management are: The elements of market analysis which are required to start business operations overseas. Guidance on how to influence the international strategy on business Construct a dynamic market entry strategy Easy ways to search for a competitive advantage 4.0 Why do companies go international? The desire to expand sales and revenue to acquire inputs at least cost and to minimize business and financial risk through geographic diversification has led to the growth of MNCs. The factors that led the companies accelerate their business activities worldwide are: Minimize competitive risk Expand sales Acquire resources Cost 4.1 Minimize Competitive Risk Companies seek to have global presence for defensive reasons. The intense competition between companies in the domestic market incites companies to have global operations. Real Business Case Tata Motors: Since early 1990s India have been witnessing strong waves of liberalization, privatization, and globalization. The automobile giant in India, Tata motors realized that if it wants to grow then it cannot afford to have business solely to the fortunes of one country as automotive business is highly competitive and the competitiveness depends on the quality, economies of scale and efficiency can be improved if the organization enters foreign market. The senior management of Tata Motors where left with the question whether they should remain as an exporter of vehicles which they were doing since 1961 or to enter into the international market which can compete with the best in the business. The answer they have zeroed in was to widen its business operations than just exports (Misra and Yadav, 2009). 4.2 Acquire Resources Another important motive of companies to set for international business is to acquire resources such as raw materials, capital, products, technology, products or services. The reasons for it would be: Non-Availability of resources in the home country. High prices of resources in the home country. To seek resources of better quality/standard. Real Business Case Philips: Cheap labor in China brought Philips to China. In 2002 Philips had 23 factories in china which were either wholly owned or joint ventures. Two third of the companys export products were from these plants. According to Gerard Kleiterlee, the president and CEO of Philips Electronics, China is the second largest market for Philips Surpassing Germany in the last quarter of 2009. We are one of the largest multinationals in the country operating in 600 Chinese cities and employ 15000 people. (Philips.com, 2009) 4.3 Minimize Risk Organizations always want to minimize the risk by minimizing the swings in sales and profit. Companies try to mitigate the vulnerability to a single economy by having a broader base in multiple geographies. Real Business Case Nestle: In 2001, Nestle witnessed slower growth in Western Europe and in the U.S. but this was offset by higher growth in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia. According to Peter Brabeck , Vice chairman and CEO of Nestle, Nestle has delivered a good performance by any measure in the first half of 2002 demonstrating its capacity for growth and performance improvement even in a difficult global environment (Nestle, 2002). 4.4 Cost Cost aspect is a significant motivation for organizations to have inclination towards global business. Many organizations go in for international business to become more competitive internationally by reducing their costs. Real Business Case Toshiba: The manufacturing of Toshiba laptop is dispersed geographically where the mix of factor costs and skills are most favorable. The manufacturing of laptop components such as memory chips and display screens take place in Japan, microprocessors and hard drives made in the U.S. and finally assembly takes place in Singapore from where it is shipped to the U.S, Western Europe and Japan. (Toshiba.com, 2009) 5.0 Global Trends shaping International Business 5.1 Emerging markets increase their global power Emerging markets are viewed as the worlds economic growth engine. The emerging markets where once seen as home for natural resources, cheap labor and low manufacturing cost. But now these emerging markets are seen as promising markets as they are having rapid population growth, sustained economic development and growing middle class. It is expected that BRIC nations (Brazil,Russia,India and China) would account for 50% of global GDP growth by 2020. (Ernst and Young, 2012) 5.2 Cleantech become a competitive advantage Most of the governments and organizations around the world are very well aware about the carbon emissions and its repercussions. The cleantech enabled transformation to a low carbon, resource efficient economy will be the source for next industrial revolution. China, India, Brazil and Germany are gaining advantage in solar, wind, biofuels for its energy requirements. (Ernst and Young, 2012) 5.3 Global Banking sees recovery through transformation The financial institutions all around the world are forced to have regulatory changes following the global economic slowdown. (Ernst and Young, 2012) The final shape of global regulatory framework is still not clear but the international banking will change tremendously in following fundamental ways: Heightened corporate governance More restrictions on priority trading, investments in hedge funds and private equity funds. Executive pay will be limited. More focus on consumer protection. 5.4 Demographic shifts will transform global workforce Even though the global population is on a rise, the availability of skilled workforce is shrinking. The data suggests that the demographic divide will arise between countries with younger skilled population and aging shrinking workforce. The war for talent will be intense in areas which require higher skill levels and education. (Ernst and Young, 2012) 5.5 Rapid technology innovation creates a smart, mobile world Last twenty five years have been marked by digital revolution and it has changed the way we work and communicate. Yet the consumers want more powerful devices and applications, meanwhile businesses are looking for cost-effective technology. Still there is room for greater innovation in the areas of business intelligence, smart devices and cloud computing which would revolutionize the whole process by which international business is being carried out. (Ernst and Young, 2012) 6.0 Conclusion From daily bread to fuel, cosmetics to cars, entertainment to essentials, it is hard to see a product without having the label of a foreign brand. In fact international business has transformed our lifestyle, culture and tastes. It has to be noted that the positives of international business is overarching than the negatives. International business has served as a bridge for the developing nations to attain the status of developed nation, for underdeveloped nations, it is a ray of hope and for the developed world it is a means to further extend their business operations and supremacy. The good, international business has done to the human kind can never be estimated and the history has proved that the international business activities were blossomed when peace existed between nations. Thus international business can be viewed as symbol of prevailing peace, prosperity and general well being of mankind.

Ryanair airline

Ryanair airline 1.INTRODUCTION Ryanair is an Irish airline competing in European low cost short haul airline industry. They are one of the key players within this market with the jersey of cost leadership and a vision of flying at the cheapest rates to any of their destination. ‘if you find it cheaper elsewhere, we will give you a refund-Micheal OLeary, They are perhaps the most profitable. This report undertakes a detailed strategic analysis of Ryanair against the backdrop of an evolving global airline sector impacted considerably by the financial and economic markets crisis. It looks at Ryanairs current strategy and who and how of the management of that strategy. It identifies how the business functions impacts on the carriers customer relations and leaderships with regard to being a cost leader. It also attempts to give a brief evaluation of Ryanairs financial structure as well as an environmental analysis of the European airline short haul industry and how this affects Ryanair. 2. STRATEGIC POSITION. This is shown using tools like: PESTLE analysis for the macroenvorit, Porters five forces for the industry structure Resources and capabilities. Opportunities and threats of the SWOT analysis developed by Albert Humphrey for the analysis of Ryanairs external factors 2.1PESTLE Analysis Quite a number of these factors can be discussed but has been written in this paper in an order of priority. PESTLE Factors Comments Political EU directives prohibit direct subsidies by governments to their airlines as they work to establish a level-playing field among the regions airlines (Charalambous, 2009). This approach was driven by political developments, as various countries were willing to have a level-playing field across the European Union, not only in the airline sector but also in other various and relevant sectors in their countries. Economic The global airline sector is currently experiencing downfall in passenger travel and have seen falling revenues and also compounded by passengers making bookings at the last minutes for their travel and falling ticket values (Walters, 2009). For the consumer, the economic downturn has impacted the spending of individuals and families, and this has reflected in the lower airline travel being done by consumers (Blake, 2009). Socio-cultural Consumers attitudes towards travel has changed largely in recent times as the high cost of travel compared to other modes of transportation has made consumers more observant and aware not only of other transport alternatives but results in consumers demanding lower cost of travel from airlines. (Flanagan, 2008). This trend was aggravated by the financial and economic downturn which has made consumers manage their finances more closely given the uncertainties that the environment holds. Consumers will be expected to continue to pursue this trend as poorer economic outlook continues in the near future. But, a significant improvement in the confidence in the markets will lead consumers back to utilising airline travel again. Technological There have been technological developments in the airlines sector particularly those relating to improved fuel efficiencies of airlines (Harvey, 2008). In as much as they may be considerably costly at the time of investing or replacing, they are expected to generate substantial cost improvements that would be worth it These improvements, though beneficial would not be considered priorities in the current environment where considerable numbers of airlines are struggling to meet their passenger forecasts and revenue targets, and are posting large losses in their financial results. Legal The directives mentioned in the political factor will be implemented in this factor in specific countries across the European Union to ensure that it is strictly adhered to by each of the members Environmental These issues have been a key focus for the global airline sector in recent years as there has been increased demand for airlines to do their share in lowering the impact of the use of airplanes on the environment and the carbon footprint (Harvey, 2008). Ryanair has been one of the targeted airlines basically because of the large number of flights that it makes every day. This is due to their business model which calls for having their planes in the air for most of the time. This can be in contrast to the goals of environmental awareness for Ryanair to minimise the impact of the carbon footprint on the environment. In as much as environmental issues are important in the airline sector, this may take a back seat as other stakeholders will focus on more pressing issues including the viability of the airlines. This analysis showed that there are a number of developments impacting the airline industry globally and also some others affecting the European airline industry specifically. 2.2INDUSTRY STRUCTURE The Michael Porters Five Forces of competition will be used to analyse the European short haul airline industry. This analysis shows as well the changing influences in the sector with the key developments leading to actions for each factor that were deemed unthinkable only a few months ago. Five Forces Comments Entry Barriers The major barriers to entry include the large capital and relationships across the global airline sector to develop the network plan (Ionides, 2008). I could argue that the entry barriers actually just became even stronger with the poor performance of the sector due to the economic climate and the challenging periods that the players in the sector are facing. Buyer Power The key buyers are the individual consumers and also the travel agencies. Across these groups of buyers, the power would seem to have increased relative to previous situations. The key reason for this is the decreased demand from these groups of buyers (McCartney, 2009A; McCartney, 2009B). Based on this, the buyer power has increased, as much lower prices will be in demand versus previous years. Supplier Power Supplier power has decreased relative to the influence of the other factors. For example, airlines have been willing to reduce the work force considerably as a result of the falling passenger figures. Nevertheless, research has shown that the airlines which work closely with its workers (e.g. Lufthansa) perform better versus its competitors which have a relatively adversarial approach to the management of its work force (e.g. British Airways) and thus have an advantage (Creedy, 2009A). It is interesting to that in this time of hardship for various stakeholders in the global airline sector, it seems that different parties are working closely with each other for the sake of survival Threat of Substitutes There is an increased threat of substitutes. These come from (1) alternative modes of transportation, and (2) alternative activities resulting in lower airline travel. The alternative modes of transportation can only affect destinations where alternative modes of transportation exist and also where it does not become too stressful or inconvenient for the traveller e.g, between the UK and continental Europe. Across these region, alternatives modes of transportation exist, and travel time is not too excessive to make it unacceptable (Anselmo, 2008A). The alternative activities that result in lower demand for airline travel include people and families deciding to travel to destinations that do not require air travel. In the UK, a large number of families have opted to stay within the UK instead of travelling to continental Europe for holidays and weekends (Dick, 2009). Industry Rivalry The industry is expected to continue to see increased rivalry as the competitors try to capture the increasingly limited number of passengers. (Betts, 2008). Rivalry is driven by the decreased demand for travel which led some airlines to lower prices and now compete almost directly with the low-cost carriers such as Ryanair. The competitive position is seen to be high and will continue to do so as the players have put in their investments for the planes and infrastructure and would not manage these differently in order to drive returns. 2.3 Value networks and business partners As for the value chain of Ryanair, their relationships with suppliers provide it with the merit to deliver its low-cost strategy. Key suppliers include amongst others: its work force delivering the services to its customers: working intentionally within the guidelines of Ryanair to deliver its low-cost model to the consumers. the airports in which Ryanair operates in: the government airports work closely with Ryanair in ensuring an agreement that benefits both Ryanair and also the local community where Ryanair lands in. the supplier of its airplanes and other equipment : the supplier of its airplanes and equipment work with Ryanair to customise their fleet for Ryanair to provide their basic low-cost service model to travellers. 3.RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES 3.1Strategic capabilities Their major capability is their ability to manage their low-cost business model and continue to operate within the parameters set by this model (Wallace, 2009).. Within the context of decreased demand for travel by consumers, its low-cost model has positioned the business extremely well. Ryanair has an advantage over other airlines which are only now adapting to a lower-cost model to match the requirements of the sector due to customers demand and what they are willing to pay for. As part of the low-cost business model, Ryanair relies on a strong, talented and efficient work force that delivers the services promised to customers within the cost model of Ryanair. This is an area that cannot allow for copying the low-cost model of Ryanair, particularly as personnel cost is significant in the airline sector together with fuel cost. 3.2 Key success factors The critical success factors for Ryanair have been their: ability to deliver their low-cost business model, capability to work with and coordinate closely with their suppliers through their talented work force ability to remain consistent to their stated business model and strategy. external recognitions In delivering this model, Ryanair maintained their approach even in the face of rising fuel costs (Ryanair, 2009). The recent year has shown how Ryanair manages their business with their consumers. They manage their cost base well amidst looking for alternative revenue sources to be able to generate additional revenues to offset increased costs from the impact of the oil prices. In working with their suppliers, Ryanair showed that the way to excel in the sector is to ensure that suppliers are also reaping the benefits of doing business with Ryanair (Wallace, 2009). There is a two-way relationship. Whether the current environment remains or the outlook becomes more favourable, Ryanair is positioned to capture the large part of the consumer demand for air travel to their destinations The success of Ryanair can also be seen from external recognitions. In December 2008, Ryanair was included in the list of Britains Most Admired Companies (BMAC), the first time it had been included in the list (Management Today, 2008).Over the past years, Ryanairs CEO, Michael OLeary, has been included in the list of the 30 Most Respected CEOs of Barrons, a global list of CEOs noted for â€Å"doing outstanding jobs of keeping their companies out of trouble and on course through conservative financial management, a strong focus on the customer and relentless innovation† (Barrons, 2009). 4. IMPLICATIONS OF STRATEGIC POSITIONING Dennis Foster (2006) stated in his lecture on Managing Strategic Change thatchange is a ‘people based process. This means that both staff and customers will have implications on Ryanairs strategic positioning and any changes they make to it.As supported in the leadership section of the report there is a good workingatmosphere and relationship between OLeary and his employees. Cavendish (2006) argues that ‘Ryanairs revenues last year apparently included almost two million flights that were booked by passengers who never showed up. While this is good for Ryanair from a financial point of view, it does not reflect good will on them from a customer relations aspect and could affect their position and strategy.Ryanairs recent trouble profit wise certainly would have had implications ontheir strategic positioning as they would have had to re-evaluate their strategy. The following table indicates the themes across the relevant strength and weaknesses derived from their core competencies factors in looking out for Ryan airs resources and capabilities SWOT Factors Comments Strengths Ryanairs business model is their major strength. In the current environment where travellers are searching for the lowest cost alternative to travel, Ryanair continues to provide customers with airline travel as an alternative that is worth considering (Moorcroft, 2009). Quite unusually, the current economic crisis has also helped Ryanair increase their market share in the sector as customers have moved to lower-cost airlines to manage their various costs of travel and this has helped fuel the continued growth of Ryanair despite the crisis, and has also helped position Ryanair to continue to see strategic growth initiatives in the sector (Brothers, 2008; Creedy, 2009B). Ryanair has developed strong relationships with various stakeholders. They are aware of the importance of working with their stakeholders to deliver the necessary services to consumers (McDonald, 2007). This is a key strength of Ryanair. Weaknesses Ryanair is largely a European airline even though it has the largest number of flights internationally among the worlds global airlines (Done, 2009). Thus, its revenues are undiversified in terms of regions, and thus any impact on the European airline market has a significant impact on the performance considerably and much more relative to other airlines which have geographically diverse revenue sources. The above strength and weaknesses showed that there are a considerable number of opportunities available for Ryanair. However; this would have to be carefully looked into given the significance of existing threats in the sector. 5. STRATEGIC CHOICE In an industry where news of poor performances has been seen largely on the front page of newspapers since the start of the financial and economic markets crisis, the performance of Ryanair has been a tremendous positive news to the industry as it has faced the challenges brought on by the crisis. Ryanair continues to benefit from the crisis as the consumers switch to lower cost travel alternatives (Milmo, 2008). However, the lower revenues generated and the falling number of passengers has still impacted the business as Ryanair announced losses for the first time since 1997, and expect that there may be further challenges in the near future (Bhargava, 2008). In a recent announcement of results, â€Å"Ryanair, Europes largest low fare airlines today, announced a Q3 loss of EUR102m, (compared to a profit of EUR35m in last years Q3), as average fares fell by 9% to EUR34, fuel costs rose by 71% to EUR328m, revenues rose by 6% to EUR604.5m, as traffic grew 13% to 14m, as more consumers switch to Ryanairs low fares from high fare competitors† (RNS, 2009). Ryanairs strong position in the industry has allowed it to pursue inorganic activities despite the financial and economic markets crisis and even in the face of a challenging environment for the airline industry. While most of the players in this sector will likely pursue the lowering of costs to managing its operations, Ryanair continues to surprise analysts and investors alike. Ryanair continues to pursue its interest in Aer Lingus. A key reason for the interest of Ryanair in Aer Lingus is that it owns a substantial part(29%) of the airline and is concerned about the poor performance of the airline and the impact it has on the value of Ryanairs shareholdings (Hancock, 2008). In as much as these opportunities exist for Ryanair. The global airline industry is currently facing a large number of threats that may be hindrances to achieving these opportunities. Some of which are the fluctuating US$ exchange rate and the fuel prices. These threats have prevented airlines from realising a stable stream of earnings in recent periods with a considerable amount of time being spent on management, with some pursuing to hedge, the changing value of the US$ and also the volatile oil and fuel prices (Anselmo, 2008B).Another threat is the continued recession seen in the major economies which is still playing an impact on the reduced travel of airline passengers with substitutes for air travel seeing increased volumes. 6. STRATEGIC DECISION AND RECOMMENDED STRATEGY Goingforward, Ryanair can continue to be positioned as a niche cost leader in the global airline sector by pursuing the opportunities that currently exist and also addressing the weaknesses that exist within the firm. By so doing, Ryanair will be able to capture the demand from consumers of low-cost travel and also position it to weather any further difficulties in the market that may be limited only to specific regions in which Ryanair operates in. For low-cost carriers in particular, a key threat is the potential move of full-service airlines into the business model of carriers such as Ryanair and easy Jet given the demand of passengers for lower-cost travel (Furlonger, 2009). This will only increase the competition in the sector overall and, in particular, in the low-cost segment of the market. Ryanairs Innovativeness has ensured its sustainability and will carry them forward into the future. To recommend any major changes would be to predict how the airline industry will change which ultimately cannot be foreseen. However, the following decisions can be considered the advent of new routes will bring more customers, from both departure points. a subtle shift in their strategy could be appropriate. For example offering drinks vouchers onboard for the customers next flight might entice more people back CRITICAL REFLECTION If there is anything i gained on this course. It is the fact that it not clear cut, but contains a number of complementary and opposing schools of thought. In the paper above, i will like to reflect particularly on the limitation of most of the theories i learnt. Although, they are seen as the bedrock of strategic planning. Not much emphasis is laid on the leadership, culture, power and politics in the process of strategy formulation in developing and evaluating organizational strategies. As seen in the strategic audit of Ryanair using at least 6models of strategic theories and i can count how many times the power and politics were mentioned in as much as Michael OLeary was mentioned. The emphasis in strategic planning models is more on the environment , profits and losses ,customers, competitors and growth. Even though SP involves all business functions in an organisation, i can say that it is done from the top. As a matter of fact, most decisions made are from the top. I wonder why there is then little emphasis on the power and politics within Ryanair. Should the present CEO be replaced, what will the future hold for this company. This will happen eventually as retirement will come some day. I wonder what the power play is like in this organisation. I know the destinations that the carrier flies to, I know the strengths and weaknesses, i also have a clear idea of its competitors, customers, and suppliers. But there was no model allowing me to spend time looking into politics in Ryanair, What if the strategic recommendations i made will be affected by politics within the organisation, maybe based on the personal interest of key members on the board of ryanair. The present CEO wasnt even looked into with such details but for his fame in the face of the media, maybe there was nothing that focuses on him. In the nearest future, businesses will be all about people and there will be great pressure on models like PESTLE, SWOT, and the likes. The 7s framework by Mckinsey could be an alternative or better still a key tool at that time because it focuses on the people and their processes. A critical insight into people in an organisation will give room for the study of the politics and power play within a well structured organisation.

Reality and Fiction Essay -- Tabloids Truth Writing Essays

Reality and Fiction The front page of a supermarket tabloid is usually splashed with such ridiculous headlines as â€Å"Human Baby Born with Dog’s Head!†; or â€Å"Olsen Twin Beats Anorexia and Gains 200 lbs!† These titles suggest the type of information that the magazine contains—sensational, outrageous and often untrue stories. Despite these titles, their sensational nature can sometimes spark the curiosity of the reader, prompting them to read further. Although the tabloid is not a particularly well-respected genre of literature, Gloria Sawai adapts it for her own purposes in her writing. In a short story titled â€Å"The Day I Sat With Jesus on the Sun Deck and a Wind Came Up and Blew My Kimono Open and He Saw my Breasts†, Sawai draws upon this typically disprespected tabloid-type of narrative, prompting the reader to question their sense of reality. The author adapts several conventions which would typically be found in a tabloid to achieve this. She places ordi nary characters in extraordinary situations; she trivializes momentous events by presenting them in very simple terms; she removes all suspense by giving away the plot in the title; she challengers her reader to call her bluff as to whether or not her story actually occurred. Through the adaptation of conventions characteristic of tabloid literature, Sawai successfully challenges her reader to question their perception of what is â€Å"real†, prompting them to the ponder whether or not this extraordinary story might have actually taken place. Perhaps one of the most recognizable characteristics of tabloid-type narrative is the description sensational, and often unbelievable events occurring to everyday people living in ordinary milieus. In the third paragraph of â€Å"The Day I Sat W... ...narrative conventions in this short story help to illustrate this situation, and in the process, give the reader cause to question whether or not this unbelievable event could actually occur. Sawai presents her readers with this challenge to their perception of reality through the story’s title, in the way that she trivializes a miracle by placing it in an ordinary setting, and also through the possibility that the story is semi-autobiographical, thus making it true. The author is playing a game with the reader, never revealing whether or not her story is based on reality or not. Of course, one would most likely assume that Jesus did not in fact appear in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan on September 11th, 1972. Nevertheless, Sawai intices her audience to play with the idea for a moment, challenging the socially accepted standards of what is reality and what is not. Reality and Fiction Essay -- Tabloids Truth Writing Essays Reality and Fiction The front page of a supermarket tabloid is usually splashed with such ridiculous headlines as â€Å"Human Baby Born with Dog’s Head!†; or â€Å"Olsen Twin Beats Anorexia and Gains 200 lbs!† These titles suggest the type of information that the magazine contains—sensational, outrageous and often untrue stories. Despite these titles, their sensational nature can sometimes spark the curiosity of the reader, prompting them to read further. Although the tabloid is not a particularly well-respected genre of literature, Gloria Sawai adapts it for her own purposes in her writing. In a short story titled â€Å"The Day I Sat With Jesus on the Sun Deck and a Wind Came Up and Blew My Kimono Open and He Saw my Breasts†, Sawai draws upon this typically disprespected tabloid-type of narrative, prompting the reader to question their sense of reality. The author adapts several conventions which would typically be found in a tabloid to achieve this. She places ordi nary characters in extraordinary situations; she trivializes momentous events by presenting them in very simple terms; she removes all suspense by giving away the plot in the title; she challengers her reader to call her bluff as to whether or not her story actually occurred. Through the adaptation of conventions characteristic of tabloid literature, Sawai successfully challenges her reader to question their perception of what is â€Å"real†, prompting them to the ponder whether or not this extraordinary story might have actually taken place. Perhaps one of the most recognizable characteristics of tabloid-type narrative is the description sensational, and often unbelievable events occurring to everyday people living in ordinary milieus. In the third paragraph of â€Å"The Day I Sat W... ...narrative conventions in this short story help to illustrate this situation, and in the process, give the reader cause to question whether or not this unbelievable event could actually occur. Sawai presents her readers with this challenge to their perception of reality through the story’s title, in the way that she trivializes a miracle by placing it in an ordinary setting, and also through the possibility that the story is semi-autobiographical, thus making it true. The author is playing a game with the reader, never revealing whether or not her story is based on reality or not. Of course, one would most likely assume that Jesus did not in fact appear in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan on September 11th, 1972. Nevertheless, Sawai intices her audience to play with the idea for a moment, challenging the socially accepted standards of what is reality and what is not.

Concession in Amy Tans Joy Luck Club Essay -- Joy Luck Club Essays

Concession in Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club "Sometimes you have to lose pieces to get ahead," explains the narrator of "The Rules of the Game," a lost piece from Amy Tan's novel The Joy Luck Club that has arguably achieved greater readership through its appearance in numerous anthologies (505). "The Rules of the Game" pivots around the concept that one may triumph in a win-lose situation through a concession. Narrator Waverly Jong recounts applications of this idea as she grows into adolescence in her Chinese-American community. From her adventures in the local marketplace to her romps on the chess battlefield, Waverly's prizes while asserting her concede-to-win strategy include physical objects and abstractions, the intangibility of the latter implying that one's examination of this story must consider terms like conflict, win, and loss in the broadest sense possible. With this in mind, Tan's "The Rules of the Game" explores the determinants behind wins and losses, ultimately suggesting that the most effective way to achieve victory is through an act of concession. Tan introduces this idea as a vague proverb rattled by Waverly's mother that Waverly bevels into sharp clarity by her involvement in situations of conflict that eventually demonstrate the veracity of her mother's words. The first conflict of "The Rules of the Game" materializes when Waverly accompanies her mother to the marketplace as a young child and experiences a loss. "Bite back your tongue," scolded my mother when I cried loudly, yanking her hand toward the store that... ... in the struggle to win. In short, Tan presents several conflicts that investigate the factors in win-lose situations, each conflict reiterating the notion that one must forego a triviality to outmaneuver his opponent to victory. This abstraction appears immediately in the story in an abstruse manner but is eventually clarified by evaluating the consistencies of the sundry conflicts. The repetition of these conflicts with similar outcomes involving (or not involving) concessions elucidates the idea that an act of concession is assuredly the most foolproof approach to triumph in a struggle. Work Cited Tan, Amy. "The Rules of the Game." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories. Ed. Tobias Wolff. New York: Random House, Inc., 1994. 497-508.

English Phrasal Verbs Translation Into Russian and Finnish

| Article Summary| AEPS Reading, Writing & Spoken Communication – Language Centre – University of Helsinki| | | 20. 03. 2013| | The article represents a part of a research about English multi-word expressions and their translation equivalents in other languages. The research was important for different tasks such as language learning, translation, automatic multilingual lexicon etc. The article is a short review of English phrasal verbs and their translations to Russian and Finnish. English phrasal verbs are multi-word expressions consisting of a verb and an adverbial particle with a spatial or locative meaning.The meaning of this combination doesn’t depend on the individual meanings of its parts. The most frequent phrasal verb pattern is any form of lexical verb plus prepositional adverb/particle, and usually there can be a noun phrase, any pronoun or any adverb embedded between the verb and the adverb/particle. Neither Russian nor Finnish has phrasal verbs. Eng lish-Russian If there is an English phrasal verb with an adverb or particle, which on its own is a function word like in, on, up etc. , it is usually translated into Russian as verb with prefix, e. g. die down – , find out – .If a part of an English phrasal verb may act as a content word such as forward, behind, apart, together etc. , the Russian translation is often a verb + adverb combination, e. g. bring together – , leave behind – . However, some verbs of this group can be also expressed in Russian by prefixation, e. g. take apart – . In addition, if an English phrasal verb is highly idiomatic, the Russian translation will be either idiomatic expression or a lengthy explanation. English-Finnish Many English phrasal verbs can be translated as single Finnish verbs, e. g. ake up – herata, herattaa; move ahead – edeta. There are also phrases and idiomatic combinations in Finnish, which can be used as translations of English phrasal verbs, e. g. find out – saada selville, switch off  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ kytkea pois paalta. Sometimes we can use both techniques: hide away – piilottaa, panna piiloon, often the single-word expression is more formal. Often Finnish equivalent expressions and English phrasal verbs are morpho-syntactically close to each other, it is a result of influence from Swedish or other languages, e. g. : write down – kirjoittaa ylos. There can be also more native Finnish expression like kirjoittaa muistiin.There are also fixed combinations with object in Finnish to express English phrasal verbs, e. g. : tie  up – sitoa kengannauhat. Conclusion English phrasal verbs usually have a single-word translation equivalents in Russian and Finnish. The balance between single-word and multi-word expressions changes across languages. Reference: Mudraya, O. and Piao, S. and Lofberg, L. and Rayson, P. and Archer, D. (2005) English-Russian-Finnish cross-language comparison of phrasal verb translation equivalents. In: Phraseology 2005, 2005-10-132005-10-15, Lovain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

Deviant Society Behavior

The world of hu mans is frequentlytimes unpredictable, changing and wondrously exciting. However, when these attri howeveres die extremely bizarre and painfully detri rational, humans be place sick and worried about to what accomplishment raise different(a)(a) humans permit to inflict harm against them. Suicide bombardment is, if non the most, i of the most demented acts eachbody shadow commit. It is outright crazy and stupid. unitary must be beside the normal to be entertaining much(prenominal) a estimate in mind.Ironic eachy, fanatics who have attached and act self-destruction bombings in the past, were deemed normal until the daytime when the execution of their ultimate plans were made usual whether foiled or completed. hatful who argon afflicted with intellectual disorder whitethorn, as other flock, travel for the same reasons vacation, tour friends or relatives, business, recreation, and whatevertimes for religious or spiritual focus (Miller & Zarc single, 1968). Others indeed may travel for reasons other than the normal for reasons triggered by malformed mental extract much(prenominal) as the men who carried out the 911 onslaught of the Twin Towers in New York.Along the 911 attack, self-destruction bombing through aircraft came to prominence progenying in the stirring of the aw atomic number 18ness among the international creation of the fact that the regular traveler major power not be that regular anyway. It is equiprobable that more or less of them are driven by excessive anger or do by utopic hope as taught in the communities wherein they have pledged their carriage commitment (Silke, 2003). In a recent acetify of correctts in Pakistan, upon the return of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to her home coun set about, 124 were devoured and 320 electropositive got injured as a result of some other suicide bombing.The bomber threw grenades among crowds of hoi polloi and afterwards blasted h imself to death (CNN update, Oct. 18, 2007). Its heavy to think of sensible reasons why a sane psyche (if that psyche was ever considered sane by his colleagues) has committed much(prenominal) an act in the freshman place. To spend and expend stars self for a noble reason is commendable alone if they benefit plenty outside ones own community. Its never an ideal to pass along a religions shit at the expense of the lives of other race. A suicide bomber is demented in that even in the logic of religion, all religions presupposed a benevolent god who is twain powerful and loving.There must be distortions somewhere inwardly the suicide bombers mind to have associated the act of delivering a bomb and acts of piety. Understanding mental health Factors that contri stille to a Suicide Bombers style The majority of theories and models of human air dec distinguish in quality into one of two basic categories native side and external perspective. The internal perspective co nsiders the grammatical constituents deep down the person to understand conduct. People who subscribe to this view understand expression as psychodynamically oriented. Behavior is explained in footing of the thoughts, feelings, past experiences and needs of the someone.The internal processes of thinking, feeling, perceiving and judge lead mass to act in specific ways. This internal perspective implies that people are outgo understood from the inside and that peoples behavior is best interpreted after understanding their thoughts and feelings (Jourad, 1963). The other category of theories devours an external perspective. This focuses on factors outside the person to understand behavior. External events, consequences of behavior, milieual forces to which a person is subject, are forceful by this external perspective.A persons history, value system, feelings and thoughts are not rattling important in interpreting actions and behavior. Kurt Lewin for exercise considered bot h perspectives in saying that behavior is a function of both the person and the environment (Tiffin,& McCormick, 1958). globe is a societal being and as such his constitution is viewed from the ordination and culture where he belongs. A society epitomises a geographical coalesce and has boundaries, a resembling(p) government or a group of persons in meaningful interaction and engaged in favorable relationship.Personality is the mortalizing traits of man which constitute his singularity and protestentiate him from any other human being. The three determinants of reputation 1 biological heritage which has direct deflect on the disciplinement of constitution. This includes musculature, the nervous system, and the glands 2 E. Q. factor describes qualities like understanding ones feelings, empathy for the feelings of others, and the regulation of emotion in a way that enhances living (Gibbs, 1995) 3 environmental factors.Taking everything normal, environment plays an impor tant role in personalisedity development. Environmental factors are ethnic environment, fond environment, home and family, culture, status and role and brotherly agent. Many of mens enounce stirred-up state of mind such as fear, anger, disgust, and contempt, have posed the question, why? What has caused such a reaction? What has brought a substitute to his/her behavior? What is the frustration that has brought about such behavior? In the world of a suicide bomber, he/she contemplates on miscellaneous input or stimuli from the world he/she evolves in.There are frustrations of every form and even without these, his/her psyche or mental state functions on the basis of anything he/she receives (actively or passively) from the milieu. Lifes problems are legion(predicate) and as long as one is alive and kicking he pull up stakes always be fontd with problems, be they vauntingly or small. Such problems stir-up ones emotions or feelings which perchance gratifying or unpleasant. Physiological problems, environmental problems, personal deficiencies and psychological concerns bring on a variety of responses some predictable, others are not.Disorganization of family life, decomposition of personality brought about by depression, great personal suffering, any of these may take any person beyond the limits of his tolerance. Man is born in a social environment surrounded by cultural norms and values. He is faced with cultural taboos and satisfying social behavior. Numerous environmental factors survey to the fore which may or may not be easily overcome. star of the most difficult problems in this study is ones cultural do and dont s. Environmental frustrations cannot be avoided, for on that point are always certain factors in a persons growth and achievement.Psychological or internal problems are the most difficult to break as they are within the inner feelings of a person. One may not be able to feel his/her concerns/anxieties through his /her overt b ehavior. It may precisely be inferred from what his/her inner thoughts and feelings are but will not know what caused such a feeling. Psychological concerns of various forms represent a more serious flagellum to the personality of the someone than do environmental pressures. If severe enough, they may create long emotional tension with accompanying behavior disorders.Reacting to pressures and other concerns such as frustration varies from person to person because of their personality differences. These reactions maybe defensive, neurotic or psychotic. Most people are sympathetic to people who develop physical ailments, but regard an one-on-one with mental disorder as crazy. At this juncture, does a suicide bomber whence be considered a person with a mental disorder or deemed as crazy? definitions of mental health deviate considerably. Freud when asked what he thought a normal, healthy person should do sanitary replied get it on and work. Karl Menningers (1956) definition is quite similar to Freuds. He states Let us limit mental health as the adaption of human beings to the world and each other with a maximum of effectiveness and happiness. not exclusively efficiency, or just contentment, or the grace of obeying the rules of the game cheerfully. It is all together. It is the world power to maintain an even temper and apt disposition. This, I think, is a healthy mind. When we therefore, try to define mental health, we have in mind the adjustment process which an individual brings into force when he is faced with a problem situation.Adjustment is defined as an individuals manner of reacting or responding adequately to a perceived problem. From the standpoint of mental health, adjustment refers to a happy and socially removeable response to lifes situations. Mental health therefore, is the ability of the individual to function effectively and happily as a person in ones expected role in a group and in the society in general. It is a condition of the livelong personality and is not merely a condition of the mind as is often supposed.It is an out-growth of ones total life and is promoted or hindered by day-to-day experience, not only by major crises as some assume (McCllelland et al, 1973). Mental health is the capacity to live harmoniously in a changing environment to face and solve ones problems in a realistic manner to give the inevitable, and to understand and accept ones own shortcomings as well as the shortcomings of others. In this sense, people who develop and bring forward Jihad or any terroristic ideas and persuade others to do the same, are seen people who do have unrealistic way of feeling at life and their experiences.They are unremarkably classified as people having delusions of grandeur among others. This term refers to people who experience a bloated sense of importance or missions and often associated with corresponding persecution complexes (Jourad, 1963). They therefore harbor as well a sense of an xiety that some people are out there to cut off their oddments and obstruct their missions. Their resolve to deliver their target aims is even stronger the reason for their methodical and systematic way of doing things.Since they cannot accept that they must co-exist with people whose beliefs pedestally differ from theirs, they accept the notion that annihilation is a solution and dying a kills death to ensure this goal is the ultimate sacrifice. This kind of mindset comes only from a frame of thinking that has been open(a) only to a few creams in fact, only very narrow options. That option is the radical Islamic alternative and zilch else. When living in this world, co-existence is not just something that is talked about inside the halls of the academe co-existence signifies a mindset that is healthy as well and free from disorders.Mental health is a subject of degree. There is no hard and card-playing line that separates health from illness. It is not a simple matter to di vide the universe into two distinct groups-those who should be institutionalised and those who should not be. Many of us at one time or another exhibit traits and pattern of behavior which if, accentuated and continuous, would command psychiatric care (Jourad, 1963). Though radical a thought this may seem, and naturally sounds unrealistic, the ideal place is to set observe and evaluation of mental hygiene at some point in time. How to do this is going to be a big issue, expectedly.However, terrorism and the likes of suicide bombing can probably be controlled in some ironic way by referring to them as idiosyncratic, delusional or even possessing mental disorders. Another way of classifying them is through the symptomatic Statistical Manual IV (DSM) smorgasbord system these people are versions of psychopaths or psychotics because the symptoms are there and they cannot function ordinarily among any general population. Conclusions The difficult but frequently asked question is that Will suicide bombers be able to wreak slaughter again as they did in 911 in New York? The possibilities are largely and unsurprisingly extravagantly that it might happen again. People are people as indicated in the theory statement, we are unpredictable, inundated with problems and those extremists have come to the point in their lives that their choices of so-called calvary that they do for religion and their god is closely to pleasurable, fulfilling and the dream of their lifetimes. What can probably get them against that? What can possibly move them forth from doing what seemed to be heroic acts?What is being through with(p) in the United States today like tightening security and vigilance that other countries had been doing (e. g. , Israel) and for which others are also implementing (i. e. , United region/England), is by far the best that they can do. But that is as far as any human or groups of individuals are also capable of doing. The bottom line is that when a certai n person intends to kill or murder, it is just time that they are running against with. Somewhere, some how, some people will be able to feature themselves explode and duplicate 911.

How Serious Is Forest Depletion In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Pakistan has approximately 4.2 billion instant c atomic number 18en covered by woodwind instruments, which is tantamount to 4.8 per centum of the entire come country ( regime of Pakistan 2003 ) , which is really low when comp ard with 30 per centum for the universe ( FAO 2001 ) . Entire timbers country of different states and districts of Pakistan arousely Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, North West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) , Azad Kashmir and Union countries is 0.92, 0.33, 0.69, 1.21, 0.42, and 0.66 angiotensin-converting enzyme one thousand million million million hour angle severally ( Government of Pakistan 2003 ) . This shows that well-nigh of the plant distri in additionion is in northern portion of the state ( 40 per centum of state s entire timber are in NWFP, 15.7 per centum in Northern Areas and 6.5 per centum in Azad Kashmir ) . There is a nifty assortment of species because of the state s great physiographic and climatic contrasts. The timberland of the state are of mixed types such as ( a ) litoral and swamp timberland, ( B ) tropical dry deciduous timber, ( degree Celsius ) tropical thorn woods, ( vitamin D ) sub-tropical broadleaf evergreen woods, ( vitamin E ) sub-tropical pine woods, ( degree Fahrenheit ) Himalayan moist equable woods, ( g ) Himalayan dry temperate woods, ( H ) sub-alpine woods and ( I ) alpine chaparral. The predominating species are of c nonpareil-bearing type ( Ahmed and Mahmood, 1998 Qazi 1994 Poffenberger 2000 Suleri 2002 ) . af quality depletion is one of the or so serious environmental fields for Pakistan. Harmonizing to an estimation 39 cat valium hectares of woods are disappearing yearly. Between the venerable ages 1990 and 2000, the de woodsation rate in Pakistan was 1.5 % yearly ( FAO, 2005 ) .Harmonizing to the solid food and Agriculture Organization of the coupled Nations, close to sulfur and southeasterneast Asiatic states, including Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Phil ippines, and Sri Lanka are losing woods at place transcending 1.4 per centum per twelvemonth. These are among the highest rates of wood set-a come outing in the universe. Within South Asia, the rate of quality depletion is highest in Pakistan, despite intensive support from outside(a) giver bureaus and legion fickle and local enterprises for woodwind instrument preservation, policy conceptualization, and improved administration. ( Rashid, S. 1993 ) . wood is a wanted trade good in Pakistan, with monetary determine presently twice the universe norm, a interpret of both deficits in domestic emerge and second responsibilities. Therefore, both bets and net incomes are high. Despite assorted steps and policy recommendations to minimise the negative knead of powerful local elites, they continue to be mobile participants in record and different commercial activities. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 )The tone shrinking in Pakistan is non merely merely because of the admit ca uses but also intercession of causation(a) political science sections for the land of timber section for their intents for untried live strategies and allocation of the land to the workers, for route and railroad and other development undertakings in the state doneout the autobiography.The set sections maintain an antique plantry statute law and disposal, which presents some loopholes which faecal matter be exploited by authoritative persons the impound mafia who are depriving ram from the a few(prenominal) staying natural woods. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 )Politicians, contractors and administrative officials tend to organize unaffixed webs that give them unsusceptibility from forest Torahs and a free paw to set about forest operations at their ain discretion. To add burn to the fire, some unscrupulous elements of the timbre discussion section founder facilitated contractors for impregnable currency inducements such as payoffs to the local FD lag f or every three-dimensional pes of poke ( Rashid, 1993 ) .The governmental economic system of the forestry welkin has besides get down really clear. In the hierarchy of influence, politicians and the lumber mafia collude to derive entree to lucrative contracts and grants and so exert the most influence on wood policy and determinations ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) . The general absence seizure of political ordain has encouraged the runners and maffia to parcel out out their illicit activities in the lumber trade. ( Rashid, S. 1993 ) This survey intends to concentrate tending on this of instant element behind forest assort shrinking in Pakistan i.e. , the agency of commonwealth sections and lumber maffia.LITERATURE REVIEWPakistan is a state with low forest screen in that location are merely 0.03 hour angle of forest per capita compared to the universe norm of one hour angle. With the population turning at 2.6 per centum yearly, the forest country per capita is wor sening. The country of public woods can non be expanded and trees grown on esoteric land lend well to the state s wood doing this will increase in the hereafter. During 2000/01, Pakistan conditional relationed mush and paper merchandises deserving Rs.7 646 million and exhausted Rs.915 million on wood and lumber significances. Pakistan yearly exports athleticss and furniture goods deserving Rs.2 to 3 billion. ( topic timbre Policy Review )Harmonizing to statistics issued in 2006 by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, forests cover about 4.22 million hectares in Pakistan, merely 4.8 per centum of the entire land country. However, there is considerable contention over the precise forest country in Pakistan, as different subject and international bureaus have published statistics based on different definitions of what comprises a wood. Areas designated as forest countries are simply lands under the administrative control of the idyll wood section. Thus, officially d esignated woods may be devoid of trees while considerable tree screen may be found in countries otherwise than the designated woods. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 )After divider of the Indian sub-continent in 1947 the new obligation of Pakistan was left with a really teeny-weeny forest gift of approximately 7 % 1 of its entire land country. This little forest preference base was sluice further reduced to little(prenominal) than 5 % after the separation of East-Pakistan in 1972. ( INRMP )The forestry sector contributes merely 0.3 per centum to the GNP. This excludes the in get benefits that forests provide. Annual wood production is 3.5 million M3, which satisfies the domestic demand for industrial wood. Forest and related little industries provide employment for much than 500 000 people. Forests and rangelands provide eatage to 90 million caput of furthermostm beast. Forests play a comminuted function in protecting the water partings of Tarbela and Mangla reservoirs, which are really of import for hydropower coevals and for providing H2O to huge irrigation webs in the fields of Punjab and Sindh states. Annual harm turn up from inundations, dirt eroding and siltation of reservoirs is estimated at Rs2.3 billion. ( National Forest Policy Review )disforestation is one of the most important planetary environmental jobs. Forms of forest admixture are peculiarly seeable in many an(prenominal) parts of Asia and Africa. Harmonizing to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, some South and Southeast Asiatic states, including Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka are losing woods at rates transcending 1.4 per centum per twelvemonth. These are among the highest rates of forest bolshy in the universe. Within South Asia, the rate of forest depletion is highest in Pakistan, despite intensive support from international giver bureaus and legion planetary and local enterprises for forest preservation, policy prep aration, and improved administration.Deforestation ever brings negative personal effects. In September 1992, Pakistan experience the worst inundations in the state s history, and the vanished woods in the northern water partings were regarded as one of the chief possible causes. Therefore, the federal government enforce a complete proscription on logging in 1993. But the prohibition did non take into history the state s ain lumber demands, and the prohibition non merely triggered extralegal logging at that place, but besides led to smuggling of lumber from Afghanistan into Pakistan, doing encompassing deforestation in Afghanistan. On October 8, 2005, Pakistan suffered its worst mishap in history, when an temblor of 7.6 on the Richter graduated plug-in struck South Asia, doing tremendous devastation in the unsmooth countries of northwest Pakistan. Massive landslides ca employ farther loss to the part s dwellers. The landslides occurred largely in the brassy hills, whereas t opographic points with good wood screen suffered less devastation. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 )Many accounts sing deforestation in the cragged parts of the subcontinent are offered. Most current among these is the theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation THED . The THED ascribes deteriorating environmental conditions of the Himalaya part to the increasing population force per unit realm in the delicate mountain ecological environment. The second statement addresses the wider socioeconomic processes-especially urbanisation of the lowland countries and the corresponding addition in the demand for lumber. This besides includes developmental activities and substructure enlargement in the cragged areas- particularly commencement up of antecedently trackless woods receivable to mental synthesis of roads. Alternatively, another strand of search underscores the political economic system attack to resource debasement. For illustration, research has looked into the rent seeki ng activities of the communities shacking in/around the woods as a beginning of deforestation25. Failure of the authorities to set up a proper institutional set-up for forest room has besides been blamed as the cause of forest diminution. ( L. Hassan )The unh take into accounted confederation among private wood contractors and forest functionaries taking to ineligible logging activities has besides been quoted as one of import ground for forest diminution. ( Knudsen. 1996 )The demands from forest proprietors, right- and non-right holders for lumber, fire-wood, graze and other non-timber wood green goods for subsistence increased significantly with speedy growing in human population, farm animal and alterations in life manners. Often local demands went beyond legal rights offered by assorted legal classs of the woods and several de facto demands were added, many of them pursued by amerciable agencies. The of all time shriveling forest base particularly in the countries where such demands had out-grown disproportionately to the forest resource, created instabilities among sustainable supplies and alive demands for subsistence, income addendums to the local hapless and culpable commercial development by the lumber mafia . ( INRMP )Harmonizing to Geiser ( 2000 ) , in pattern, forest resources are made unaccessible for the hapless and marginalized subdivisions of the communities, whereas the influential along with members of the timber maffia consumed these resources at their ain Sweet will. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONAs figures above show that Pakistan is among those states that have really high deforestation rates. Forests in Pakistan are really diverse in nature and of important importance for the state s economic system and supports. Multitudes of people who live in or around these woods depend for their nutrient, shelter, fuel and other such demands on the woods resources partially or entirely and same is the ground blame for development and debaseme nt of woods is put on them. A few others take hapless and unsustainable direction of the woods, deficiency of jurisprudence enforcement, hapless institutional qualification of authorities sections, hapless life conditions and deficiency of installations for locals, unknowing development and other such grounds as possible grounds for the forest debasement in the state. There are besides commercial involvements to function supplies to the lumber market and to fulfill Government grosss from forestry. on board there exists a astronomic scale illicit commercial development of woods by the maintain lumber mafia. In this paper I have tried to foreground the function of Timber Mafia in forest development and debasement far beyond the sustainable degree.The complete development of woods is a consequence of utilizing the woods for economic intents and non payable to the subsistence patterns of the locals. The economic utilizations when knew no bounds were halted by the authorities p olicies to restrict the forest development above the sustainable degrees. This prompted the guilty film editing and coming of the Timber Mafia. The term Timber Mafia encompasses the contractors, persons, organisations and even the debauch authorities establishments who somehow or other by their strong lobbying and graft cut the woods even from the countries where lumber harvest category is non allowed.( INRMP ) defines timber Mafia asThe term timber Mafia is a conversational term used throughout NWFP to taproom up a group of people pursue in illegal lumber reaping for commercial intents. This group, in assorted configurations, include local lumber runners, Guzara proprietors, former harvest home contractors, local timber-traders, maximmill proprietors, and at times forestry staff and local politicians.The lumber Mafia non merely uses such agencies but besides through buttonholing affects the forest policies that would in turn safeguard their involvements as good. In conf ederation with the Forest Departments they use the loopholes of the forest policies. Furthermore Law enforcement for wood protection is irresolute and punishments devised by assorted legal instruments such as the Pakistan Forest Act ( 1927 ) , the Hazara Forest Act ( 1936 ) , churl wildlife regulations and related Acts of the Apostless are uneffective.In add-on to this, none of the past wood policies identified unsustainable commercial lumber reaping and forest depletion by the powerful lumber Mafia supported by politicians and vested involvements as jobs.With the turning scarceness of lumber in the wider market in Pakistan, lumber monetary values increased quickly and illegal harvest home created an extra load on the woods in NWFP. There were besides such policies like Timber reaping prohibition in NWFP which was an of import policy determination by the authorities with effects for the full forestry sector in the state but it besides gave a roar to the Timber Smugglers who whe n saw that there is no room for run intoing their demands, they shifted their attending to already war wreck Afghanistan so weight on the woods of was shifted from Pakistan to Afghanistan.Another of import factor in illegal commercial harvest home by lumber Mafia are the struggle of forest staff, particularly the field staff in lower ranks. Their wages are so get down despite the fact that they were keepers of immense forest wealth. Gangs of illegal lumber bargainers have been so influential, good equipped, planetary and ready to take hazard of damaging, harming, pain, and even hit the forest staff, who offer opposition and create barriers and limitations in their manner. By and large, the field staff does non acquire the required degree of support from the Government in unequivocal or groking the ill-famed wood wrongdoers. Neither the forest offense instances are adjudicated quickly, nor the penalties awarded by the tribunals are let to their magnitude and earnestness. Fur thermore, non merely does the mechanism of monitoring, detection, and describing little forest offenses lack answerability but it besides corpse weak in the mechanism employed for big graduated table felling. These are the conditions that affect the morale, professionalism, foil and efficiency of the forest staff.In weaving up and reasoning the treatment I make find of the failings of our policies and establishments to turn to the Timber Mafia in existent sense in its policies and statute laws. My analysis besides allows me to province that the singular difference in the supply and demand of the lumber in the state should be addressed earnestly. My first observation is on the issue of utilizing the woods for economic intents by the strong and influential in the state who on one baseball mitt are involved in policy preparation and on the other they are found to be in complete confederation with the runners who with their cooperation non merely exceed the statute laws but besides use the loopholes in the wood policies for their intents. It is besides noteworthy that in the name of the protected woods and other such types locals who used to be keepers of the woods themselves ( as they were determiners of their better supports ) were marginalized and woods were declared reserved and protected and so on so it was a kind of free manus to the runners, lumber Mafia and corrupt politicians who are running(a) the woods to their will. Forests are leased out and abandoned on contract that so called Conservation Policies allow the authorities sections to make so. It has changed the position of the woods from brisk Component of Nature to mere tax revenue Generators . Revenue coevals belongings of the lumber has outperformed the other of import maps and belongingss of the woods in Pakistan. Furthermore, though the measure limitations had been impose on the wood remotion by the community, the province itself was involved in inordinate lumber reaping for the buil ding of camps and railroads and province itself is involved in marginalising and coming into direct struggle with the local communities by striping locals of their overdue royalties and portion on forest resources. The general absence of political will has encouraged the runners and Mafia to spread out their illegal activities in the lumber trade. topical anesthetic people, if given sufficient powers and province support, can in effect battle illegal logging, but a sense of ownership is critical. Better, safe and sustainable direction of forest resources can besides be achieved by gripe uping of the administrative and protective capablenesss of Provincial Forest Department and by supplying weaponries, wireless sets and operational vehicles and besides by apportioning magisterial powers on Forest Officers to take prompt awareness of forest offenses.